Disease resistance is often defined as reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant. Certainly it would make an impressive pinnacle, and few could dispute that diseaseresis tant cultivars have been a major contribution of plant breeders. The cheapest and most effective method to resolve the problem of diseases is the use of resistant varieties. The spanish barley core collection comprises 159 landracederived inbred lines and 16 cultivars adapted to southern european conditions. The book is divided into six sections, comprising 14 chapters. Cassava brown streak disease cbsd is the most devastating disease of cassava in southern, eastern and cntral africa, and can cause up to 100% yield loss. The genes harbouring these structural mutations were also identified. Perhaps improved or new disease resistance is required, or increased seed size, or simply increased yield to make the crop profitable. Breeding poplars for disease resistance food and agriculture. Resistance refers to the ability of the host to interfere with the normal growth and for development of the pathogen.
Plant breeding david luckett and gerald halloran what is. Resistant varieties are developed through the use of resistant donor parents available in the gene pool. Traditional farming can only yield limited food for humans and animals. Plant breeding is very useful for making the crop more resistant with plant breeding, alteration of the genes could bring a disease free plant or help in removing the harmful disease character traits from the plant and inserting the useful genes to make the plant crop more resistant to factors such as disease, drought and son and so for. Nelson in this century, the use of resistant varieties has become the single most important means for controlling diseases. Plant breeding pdf download important agri learner. Generalized resistance to biotypes of the pathogen is the ultimate goal but dif.
The ultimate goal of plant breeding is to develop improved crops. Concepts in plant disease resistance infection, there is a tendency to apply high inoculum densities. It denotes less disease development in a genotype than that in the susceptible variety and is a relative attribute. This is horizontal resistance, pioneered by canadianbritish plant scientist dr. Diseases of wheat, mostly caused by fungal pathogens and a few by viruses and bacteria, are important production constraints in almost all wheatgrowing environments rajaram and van ginkel, 1996. Qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant breeding while another qtl only in. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance by g. Plant breeding for disease resistance essay plants.
Many bsr genes have been cloned in plants and have been. But plant breeding as a technology increased yield to a very large extent. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseases. Populus breeding programmes and disease resistance.
Genetic engineering for disease resistance in plants. Targeted genome editing is a promising alternative to classical breeding abbasi et al. Refer to this glossary of the plant disease resistance codes for common plant and seedcrop pathogens, including the acronyms and type of causal organism. Pdf qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant. Introduction plants are exposed to a widerange of pests and pathogens, encompassing bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, nematodes, and insects but only in specific interactions does this result in disease. In breeding for resistance, specific resistance is not the ideal to aim at. Understanding plant breeding for disease resistance youtube. In the breeding work, the screening of resistance is. Qualitative plant disease resistance is resistance controlled by a single resistance r gene recognizing a virulence factors in a classic gene for gene mechanism.
Phase 1 the breeder identifies the needs of the farmers and the deficiencies in the current varieties. Plant breeding companies develop varieties with higher yield potential, more durable pest and disease resistance, and marketrelevant enduse quality, making plant breeding the single biggest contributor to productivity gains in our major crops. Plant breeding is a method of altering the genetic pattern of plants to increase their value and utility for human welfare. The concept of evolving multiline hybrids to combat the ever increasing threat from bioraces, especially in the cereal rusts, now engages the attention of plant breeders. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen resistance aamir raina and mohammad danish department of botany, aligarh muslim university, india. Exploiting broadspectrum disease resistance in crops. Plant breeding for disease resistance in modern agriculture. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease. In such situation if the crops are made disease resistant, food production is increased and use of fungicides and bactericides would also be reduced. Breeding is done either by conventional methods or by mutation breeding. Oftentimes, pathogens mutate faster than breeders can produce new varieties.
Pdf screening for resistant barley genotypes in response to fungal toxin of bipolaris sorokiniana was assessed on standing barley plants as well as in find. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Breeding for disease resistance breeding methods for disease resistance vary depending on whether the resistance is considered to be qualitative or quantitative. In section 1, methods of control are compared and contrasted, and the general principles and methods of breeding for resistance are. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of. Lettuce breeding and genetics united states department of. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance sciencedirect. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen.
In the absence of genetic resistance in crops, food production heavily relies on chemical control of pathogens. Qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant. Sequencing of these mutants identified the single nucleotide polymorphisms snps when compared to their parents. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew blumeria graminis, scald rhynchosporium secalis, leaf.
Evaluation of m 1, m 2 and m 3 generations could identify foliar disease resistant and productive mutants. Foliar disease resistant and productive mutants from the. To develop plants that can tolerate extreme environmental stress. The difficulty does not appear to be due to restricted variability for insect resistance, as a matter of fact, the genus lycopersicon is replete with good reports on resistance to various mites and insect pests 25. Pdf journal of plant breeding and crop science stability. Breeding and rapid development of disease resistance in florida tomato cultivars jeremy d. Resistance to nearly all pathogens occurs abundantly in our crops. Pdf disease resistance is often defined as reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant. Department of plant pathology, physiology and weed science, fralin biotechnology center, virginia tech, blacksburg, va 240610346, usa plant disease resistance genes r genes encode proteins that detect pathogens. Insect resistant breeding in tomato has not been as successful as disease resistance breeding. Pdf journal of plant breeding and crop science stability of.
It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. Plant breeding consists of four main phases all of which run concurrently in an established program. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen resistance. Broadspectrum resistance bsr is a desirable trait because it confers resistance against more than one pathogen species or against the majority of races or strains of the same pathogen. Screening the spanish barley core collection for disease. Answers to these questions will fill important knowledge gaps and can be used to develop new strategies for engineering plant disease resistance. It denotes less disease development in a genotype than that in the susceptible variety and is a relative. Generally, the rate of reproduction is considerably reduced which limits the spread of disease. Genetic resistance is the cheapest and the best method of minimizing such losses. Disease resistance plant breeding can be a sustainable and effective approach to obtain disease resistance. However, the classical plant breeding methods are in general slow, laborious and time consuming.
Resistant crop varieties have been selected by traditional breeding for more than 100 years, the first mention of wheat disease resistance breeding programs dating from biffen 1905. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. Limited progress has been made in breeding for host plant resistance due to limited knowledge. Fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens attack the cultivated crops. Crop plants are attacked by various diseases and insects, resulting in considerable yield losses.
The main hindrance to higher yield is the susceptibility of plants towards disease caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses and to insects and pests. Great progress has been made in the past 25 years in our. Following are the major objectives of plant breeding. The book should prove to be a useful reference work in libraries, not only for undergraduates, but also for plant breeders, plant pathologists, entomologists and agronomists. Lettuce breeding and genetics united states department of agriculture. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pest resistance 197 protein receptors coded by r genes in every single cell in contrast to invertebrate animals that have circulating system, which constitute s to important distinction between plant and. Breed in as many disease resistant genes as you can, though, and youre insured against multiple threats. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Plant breeding and genetics university of california, davis. Plant diseases reduce crop yields and threaten global food security, making the selection of disease resistant cultivars a major goal of crop breeding. Ryan contreras will outline how new cultivars are selected for disease resistance and highlight examples from his research program in. Pdf plant breeding for disease resistance in the age of effectors. R genes have been used in resistance breeding programs for decades, with varying degrees of success. Application of genetic engineering in plant breeding for.
Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance 1st edition. Plant resistance and strategies for breeding resistant varieties. In this chapter, four case studies of this breeding approach are presented and their effectiveness in ssa clearly highlighted. Plant breeding for disease resistance crop losses due to plant diseases is up to 2030 per cent, or sometimes even total. Glossary of plant disease resistance codes johnnys. Grain yield tha winter wheat 9 8 7 6 1982 1987 national yield spline fitted to national yield. Generalized resistance to biotypes of the pathogen is the ultimate goal but difficult to attain. Breeding for disease resistance in plants springerlink. Plant breeding must bring forward crop varieties that are disease resistant and resilient, and require fewer inputs. Much of the resistance exploited by breeders is of the major gene type. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseas.
Also helps reduce the dependence on use of fungicides and bactericides. Better management can increase yield but only to a limited extent. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. Nelson free pdf d0wnl0ad, audio books, books to read, good books to read, cheap books, good books, online books, books online, book. Breeding for disease resistance in multiple crops integration of disciplines. Steps and methods of plant breeding for disease resistance. Plant breeding techniques in a new era 9 outlook 21st century agriculture faces the huge challenge of producing more food in a more sustainable way. There are several methods used for disease control, but the most effective and economic method is breeding for host plant resistance. In the outstanding questions box, we present some examples of challenges faced in genetic engineering for resistance. Feb, 2018 in this session, ornamental plant breeder dr. It is a purposeful manipulation of plants to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease resistant. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew blumeria graminis, scald rhynchosporium secalis, leaf rust puccinia hordei, net blotch pyrenophora teres f. Plant breeding how to cross new lettuce varieties duration.
Navigating complexity to breed diseaseresistant crops nature. The selected mutants were resistant to leaf spots early and late and rust diseases, and significantly more productive than the parents and gpbd 4. Nov, 2017 there are several methods used for disease control, but the most effective and economic method is breeding for host plant resistance. Recent developments in genomic selection for minor gene. Ryan contreras will outline how new cultivars are selected for disease resistance and highlight examples from his research program in the department. The possibility of raising varieties resistant to virus, bacteria, fungi, and insects is an attractive prospect for the practical plant breeder. Pdf on feb 1, 2009, richard oliver and others published plant breeding for disease resistance in the age of effectors find, read and cite all. Some key discoveries in the area of disease resistance genetics and resistance gene function that have been made in maize are listed below.
Let us have a detailed look at the objectives and steps involved in plant breeding. Plant breeding definition, methods, steps and videos. Complete resistance in such cases is easily detectable, but small differences in susceptibility tend to disappear. Using radiation breeding, traits for yield, quality, taste and disease and pest resistance have been improved in cereals, legumes, cotton, peppermint, sunflowers, peanut. Plant breeding for disease resistance essay plants biology. Here is an essay on plant breeding for disease resistance for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. This welcome text is divided into 6 independent sections, dealing respectively with some concepts of breeding for resistance. A conventional method of breeding for disease resistance usually follows the same steps as that of normal hybridization programme. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Potatoes immune to wart disease, beans resistant to. The optimal inoculum density is the density whereby escapes are largely prevented while only the most susceptible cultivars. Breeding for disease resistance in maize springerlink.
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